In an environment where the temperature exceeds 2000° C, almost all the substances around us will melt or evaporate. It is possible, however, to synthesize new substances that, thus far, no one has been able to find by cooling the extremely high temperature to room temperature at once. Hence, our laboratory is studying the atom arrangement and properties of the substances subject to extremely high temperatures by using a method that combines the electrostatic levitation method, which we jointly developed with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and the synchrotron radiation method of the Spring-8 facility.